This chief says that just because a shooting is justifiable doesn't mean it's the only option.
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CAMDEN -- It was the middle of the night when Camden County Police Lt. Kevin Lutz got a text from one of the officers he trained.
It wasn't an emergency. The officer just texted because he was excited: He and another cop had talked an emotionally disturbed woman into dropping a knife she was wielding, and got her help.
"He said, 'it was textbook," Lutz recalled. "You would have been proud.'"
Lutz was proud. Not just because the officers, as they're trained to, found other options to deadly force when facing an armed, unstable individual. But also because they take pride in the successes they have in doing so.
"Five or 10 years ago, you'd maybe be ridiculed," Lutz said of the officers' decision to take a slow, careful approach.
"That's what we're most proud of: we've been able to change the culture," he said.
Over the last three years, viral videos of police shootings, especially of black men or teens, have driven a national dialogue on deadly force.
Courts have found that deadly force is justified if a reasonable officer feels in danger or believes others to be, but that didn't stop a public outcry. Amid criticism that cops are trigger-happy, some law enforcement leaders have doubled down, defending the way they've always done things.
But the Camden County Police Department says they're doing the opposite. They've worked with experts and chiefs from across the country to figure out how they can handle those tense situations differently. Now, Camden's cops are learning to find other options to pulling the trigger.
A time for change
"We're in a watershed moment in American policing," Camden Chief J. Scott Thomson said in an interview this spring. "Partly with some disturbing videos coming out, we were in a state nationally where even people who generally support police were asking questions."
It's time for reflection and change, he said, not "circling the wagons."
As board president of the progressive Police Executive Research Forum, Thomson is passionate about PERF's goal to reduce what the group has coined "lawful but awful" shootings. Those are the ones that trigger the most outrage when a video goes viral -- like a shooting of a mentally ill or unarmed person.
Camden County Police Chief J. Scott Thomson, left, and Lt. Kevin Lutz, participate in a presentation on the PERF use of force training Lutz helped draft. (Rebecca Everett | For NJ.com)
The group feels that it is often too dangerous to try to de-escalate when facing a gunman, so they're focusing on the 300 to 400 police shootings each year that involve subjects who are either unarmed or armed with a weapon other than a firearm.
"There's an opportunity for much better results other than deadly force," Thomson said. "There's a tactic you can employ to get the officer other options, as opposed to having yourself in a situation where the only option is deadly force."
In Camden, officers are now trained that instead of shooting a mentally ill person with a knife -- which would be legally justified if the officer felt at risk of injury -- they should consider backing off, taking cover, or doing anything else that will buy them the time to talk the person into dropping the knife.
Department numbers do show that Camden cops are overwhelmingly holding their fire when faced with people who have weapons other than guns.
Since the Camden County Police Department took over policing from the city force May 1, 2013, officers have killed two people who fired first and one man with who pointed a replica gun, police said.
That's not a big departure from the number of fatal police shootings in four comparable cities: Trenton, Atlantic City and Wilmington, Delaware.
Culture change
Thomson runs his department according to PERF's "Guiding Principles on Use of Force" -- first of which is the sanctity of human life -- and with its new use of force training, which Lutz helped draft last year.
But he knows it takes more than training to change the mindset of a whole police department.
Thomson has been working to change the culture department -- trying to get officers to see themselves as 'ethical protectors' instead of enforcers -- since not long after the county force took over in 2013.
Part of it is getting new recruits as well as seasoned veterans to forget any notion that a cop should be an unyielding, tough guy who barks orders and does not retreat, said Sgt. Raphael Thornton, a training supervisor.
"If there's a rapidly unfolding situation, if they know they're supported in slowing down their approach, in not rushing in, that it's not cowardice to back up, then there isn't that internal, cultural pressure to draw their weapon," Thornton said.
The thinking used to be that it was best to resolve most situations quickly, but Thornton said it's often safer not to.
"In a situation where you have to act rapidly -- chasing a robbery suspect -- we're letting them know, 'you can slow things down, wait for backup, you don't have to go it alone," he said.
So how do you change the culture? Thornton said it has to be "top down from the chief and you have to put the best trainers in charge."
Thomson talks to the new recruits before they start use of force training. He said they also find the officers that other cops look up to the most, and make sure they're acting as mentors to reinforce the guardian mindset.
Tactics
Thomson and other PERF chiefs are replacing several traditional tenets of use-of-force training that they feel limit officers' range of responses, instead of encouraging options and de-escalation.
First is the use of force continuum, used to teach recruits which level of force should be used depending on a suspect's behavior and the threat of injury or death.
Then there's the so-called 21-foot rule, which says that a person with a knife within that distance can stab you before you can shoot.
Thornton said the department isn't throwing out the concept, but don't want officers to think of it like a kill zone.
"We endorse 21 feet. We want our officers to keep their distance," Thornton said. "If he comes towards you, you back up."
Thornton said the rule and the continuum promote the old mindset: "We're going to bring a gun and give loud commands and if they cross that line, we can shoot."
In November 2015, the Camden County Police Department posted a video of a dangerous situation that played out very differently as a result of the department's training.
It shows a man scaring people in a restaurant with a knife, and then walking away from officers, ignoring their calls for him to drop the weapon. If the officers surrounding him had stood their ground, his steps would have put him dangerously close to officers and he could have been shot.
Instead, they formed a kind of moving perimeter and walked several blocks with him. He eventually dropped the knife and was taken into custody.
"We enveloped him with officers, we protected the public, and we were willing to walk with him as far as he wanted to walk that night," Thomson wrote of the situation in a PERF report on de-escalation.
Camden officers are taught to keep the PERF formula "distance + cover = time" in mind when responding to situations that can be de-escalated. It means that they should stay back and take cover behind objects to keep safe, which buys them the time to de-escalate.
PERF teaches that in the case of an emotionally disturbed person, talking -- even if it's about a favorite NFL team -- can calm things down and give time for backup or an ambulance to arrive.
"What we're focusing on is the emotionally disturbed person who's only a danger to himself. Can we slow things down, create some space, maybe put a car between you," Thornton said.
Over 200 law enforcement officers from around the country got to see one such scenario acted out July 13 at Camden County College at a presentation on the PERF use-of-force training Camden has piloted.
Det. Cabria Davis played an unstable veteran and Officers Steven Marakowski and Chris Sarlo talked her into dropping her knife, while keeping their distance and taking cover.
Is it working?
Asked if he thinks Camden's training is reducing violent encounters between officers and civilians, Colandus "Kelly" Francis, former president of the NAACP in Camden, is quick to point out that there's no definitive way to prove it.
He sees the talk of new training as "spin" and doesn't think it will change anything.
But police say it's working, pointing to the decline in excessive force complaints since the department started its Ethical Protector program in 2014.
As far as firing their guns, Camden County police have fired on suspects five times in the roughly four years they've been patrolling Camden. During that time they've responded to over 7,800 calls for people with guns, Thomson said.
In the most recent incident, in January, Officer David Stinsman killed Jose Antonio Fernandez-Ventura, 38, after watching him shoot his wife in the throat while she held a baby, according to police.
Francis thinks the solution lies in the force's make up, not its training. He believes if it consisted of Camden residents, they would care more about their fellow residents and be less likely to harm them.
"They'd be more sensitive and understanding," he said. "They would live among the people and know who they are."
Community organizer N'Namdee Nelson said police need to be working consistently to get to know residents as a way to reduce the number of incidents involving the use of force.
The community has to meet them halfway, he added. "We all have work to do."
Nelson said he was glad to hear that Camden police are being trained to hold their fire if at all possible, even if other issues in the police-resident relationship remain.
"Our police officers should always be shooting as a last option," he said.
Rebecca Everett may be reached at reverett@njadvancemedia.com. Follow her on Twitter @rebeccajeverett. Find NJ.com on Facebook.